The effects of amnesia and its different types

The impacts of amnesia and its various kinds Amnesia is characterized as the full or incomplete loss of memory that might be brief or lasting, making a critical failure recall significant data to such an extent, that it has moderate to serious impacts on people life (Logsdon). The impacts of amnesia are identified with the sort of amnesia tolerant is languishing. The most widely recognized impact is the failure to review data put away in the drawn out memory. There are a few cases that patient can review past recollections, however he can't make new recollections, or even, unfit to do both review past recollections and make new ones (Nordqvist, 2009). There are numerous components that beginning amnesia, which are ordered in natural and practical. The natural components are identified with wounds in the mind, and loss of synapses in the frontal, parietal, and fleeting flaps. A reason for mind injury is the point at which it is happened in auto collisions. The level of memory misfortune as a rule is relative to the seriousness of harm in the cerebrum. By and large, amnesia isn't serious and the recuperation is short-enduring (Nordqvist, 2009). A natural factor of cerebrum wounds is the mind has endured an infection disease, for example, encephalitis (irritation), which the cerebrum tissue is influenced by a mixed up assault of the insusceptible framework, or a lacking flexibly of oxygen to the cerebrum because of a cardiovascular failure, respiratory pain, or carbon monoxide harming (Nordqvist, 2009). Another factor of cerebrum injury is the maltreatment of liquor and medications, for example, resting and burdensome pills, by a dra wn out time, causing memory misfortune (Crystal, 2010). The utilitarian components are identified with passionate stuns brought about by being the survivor of a brutal wrongdoing, youngster or sexual maltreatment, or being engaged with a battle, cataclysmic event, or a psychological militant assault (Nordqvist, 2009). Amnesia is introduced in numerous sorts relying upon the results happened to the influenced individual, or any horrendous mishap the person in question is influenced. The accompanying three kinds of amnesia are identified with the impacts in the people memory and the ability to review data. Retrograde amnesia is the most widely recognized sort introduced in clinics, TV programs, and motion pictures. This is brought about by harm in the worldly projections and particularly the hippocampus (Ellis-Christensen, 2010). Patients with retrograde amnesia can't remember recollections from the past happened before it is introduced, however the capacity to shape new recollections and review after the beginning of amnesia isn't influenced (Wall, 2006). Anterograde amnesia is the converse side of retrograde amnesia. This is brought about by the harm to the hippocampus or encompassing cortices, debilitating memory development, and frequently it is changeless if the cerebrum is harmed (Liden, 2010). Patients with anterograde amnesia can't shape new recollections from the moment that it is introduced and to review recollections as of late framed in light of the fact that data isn't moved to the drawn out memory. Be that as it may, patients might have the option to learn new aptitudes without being instructed again in light of the fact that the definitive memory is impeded while the procedural memory keeps on working (Liden, 2010). Albeit anterograde amnesia is changeless when cerebrum harm is introduced, researchers really are contemplating approaches to apply neural pliancy, the capacity of nerves to shape better approaches to recoup lost usefulness, to perform medicines for this and different infections brought about by mind injury ( Liden, 2010). Transient worldwide amnesia is an impermanent complete loss of memory and the patient influenced can't remember any data reestablished in memory. The reasons for this malady are unsure, yet a few theories set up it could be brought about by a diminished blood stream, an awful mishap, stress, or an atypical kind of headache. This illness will in general converse itself after some time, yet the transitory power outage can keep going for 24 hours or more (Wall, 2006). The accompanying sorts of amnesia are identified with upsetting occasions, or maltreatment of liquor and medications. Horrendous amnesia is brought about by a hard hit to the head because of a fender bender. The individual influenced may encounter a concise loss of awareness, or even go into a trance like state. Most of cases are brief and it keeps going depending of the seriousness of the injury. Adolescence, or childish, amnesia happens when the individual can't remember occasions from youth. The causes could be this might be related with language advancements, or the conceivable outcomes of certain regions of the mind were not completely adult during youth. Wernike-Korsakoffs amnesia is brought about by inordinate maltreatment of liquor, or by unhealthiness connected to thiamin insufficiency. Patients with this malady have poor coordination and loss of feeling in the fingers and toes (Nordqvist, 2009). To analyze amnesia in a patient, a specialist will do an assessment to dispose of other potential reasons for memory misfortune, for example, dementia, sorrow, a mind tumor, or Alzheimers infection. Initially, the specialist begins the assessment with a nitty gritty clinical history, including the kind of memory misfortune, when the issues began and how they advanced, factors that began amnesia, for example, a head injury or a horrible mishap, family ancestry particularly of neurological ailment, utilization of medicine or liquor and medications, history of seizures, cerebral pains, discouragement or malignant growth, and different indications (language issues, character changes, or impeded capacities) (Test and determination, 2009). Next, specialist will do a physical assessment, including a neurological test to check reflexes, tangible capacity, balance, or the physiological parts of the mind and the sensory system (Test and conclusion, 2009). At that point, specialist will do an i ntellectual test, testing patients thinking, judgment, short-and long haul memory. At last, specialist will confirm any inward harm of the cerebrum through MRI, CT sweeps, and electroencephalogram (Nordqvist, 2009). Up until this point, there isn't any medicine or medication for the rebuilding of memory for patients with amnesia. Luckily in most of cases, amnesia is settled itself with no treatment. In any case, if a fundamental physical or mental issue is available, a treatment must be created. Word related specialist may assist patients with learning new data to supplant what was lost, or utilizing the current recollections to make new ones (Treatments and medications, 2009). Reality direction helps may assist patients with remembering whether he is encircled with recognizable articles, photos, scents, and music. In the event that patients are enduring the Wernike-Korsakoffs amnesia, a sufficient nourishment can help. Entire grain oats, vegetables, nuts, lean pork, and yeast are rich wellsprings of thiamin (Nordqvist, 2009). End Amnesia is an illness that ordinarily implies incomplete or all out memory misfortune as well as the capacity to store new recollections. Wellsprings of amnesia can be natural, for example, mind injury brought about by a mishap, contamination to synapses, oxygen hardship, or maltreatment of liquor and drugs; and practical, for example, horrible accidents or impacts of pressure. Amnesia can be characterized relying upon the elements how this is introduced, for example, Wernike-Korsakoffs, awful, or childish amnesia; and on the impacts in the usefulness of the mind, for example, retrograde, anterograde, or transient worldwide amnesia. The determination of amnesia in a patient relies upon a point by point clinical history so as to dispose of different kinds of malady, physical and intellectual tests, and a confirmation of the mind if a physical issue is available. Amnesia is reversible without anyone else, yet in the event that physical or mental harm is introduced, medicines like substitution of recollections, reality direction helps, or a solid sustenance for Wernike-Korsakoff sickness can be useful answer for resolve amnesia in patients.

How to Perfect Your PPC Ad Copy

Paid promoting can rapidly get over the top expensive, yet on the off chance that you plan your crusade cautiously and set aside some effort to consummate your advertisement duplicate, you’ll have a far higher possibility of getting a conventional rate of return. With a little imagination and a decent information on your intended interest group, it ought not be especially testing to make an appropriate commercial whether you are utilizing content or pictures or a blend of the two. This article investigates a portion of the manners by which you can upgrade your PPC advertisement duplicate to give your paid internet promoting effort an exhibition support. Break down the Competition At the point when you are simply beginning with any type of Internet showcasing, one of the primary spots to look for your motivation from is your present rivals. Figure out who your genuine and best contenders are and discover what kind of commercials they are utilizing for their PPC battles. You will likewise need to do some cautious catchphrase investigate so as to draw in the most significant rush hour gridlock to your site and increment transformations. Figure out what Makes Your Company Stand Out While picking which catchphrases to target and making the advertisement duplicate itself, it is significant to make yourself stand apart among the opposition. Figure out what separates your organization from the rest, regardless of whether you offer a novel item or administration, generally low costs or your business serves a particular geographic zone. Base your watchword research and promotion message on this data. Incorporate an Irresistible Call to Action The general purpose of PPC promoting is to urge individuals to tap on your advertisements, and for this to occur, you’ll need to incorporate a source of inspiration which numerous among your intended interest group will feel sufficiently constrained to development. Remember Your Audience An advertisement duplicate should be a depiction of your item, regardless of whether it may resemble a convincing one. Dissimilar to a SEO content essayist, a PPC advertisement duplicate author needs to concentrate more on client than on the watchwords. When structuring your promotion duplicate, you should remember your optimal client and attempt to imagine their perspective so you can all the more likely associate with them. A ton of organizations may likewise have an exceptionally assorted gathering of clients, where case dividing your crowd and running diverse advertisement battles for each gathering permits you to customize your message fairly more. Pick Your Selling Points Wisely With practically any PPC promoting effort, you will have next to no space to work with regardless of whether you utilize a picture based advertisement duplicate. Guarantee that you pick your selling focuses as cautiously as conceivable by figuring out what potential clients are destined to be dazzled by with respect to the advantages of the item or administration you are attempting to deal. Attempt various distinctive offering focuses to perceive what prompts the most noteworthy transformation rates. Utilize Engaging Titles Your advertisement titles are critical, especially in content based PPC promotions, since they will for the most part be the principal thing that your crowd takes note. Your title needs to catch their consideration so they will pay heed to the remainder of the promotion and ideally click on it. Keep your advertisement titles short and to the point while conveying a feeling of significant worth and utilizing your focused on watchwords with as scarcely any words as could reasonably be expected.

declaration of independance essays

assertion of independance expositions There are numerous deliberations in the Declaration of Autonomy. These reflections, for example, rights, opportunity, freedom and joy have become the establishments of American culture and have assisted with molding the American Identity. Power, another reflection that reoccurs in all the significant pieces of the Declaration of Freedom assumes a similarly significant job in molding America character. One overlooks the deliberation of intensity, since it shows up in connection to different foundations: the assembly, the King, the earth, what's more, the military. The deliberation of intensity establishes the pace of the Revelation, and shapes the homesteaders origination of government and society. Force in the Declaration of Independence streams from unmistakable bodies inside society, for example, the King, the council, the military, The Oxford English Dictionary characterizes power as, the capacity to do or impact something or anything, or to follow up on an individual or thing (OED 2536). All through the ages as indicated by the word reference the word power has indicated comparable implications. In 1470 the word power implied to have quality and the capacity to accomplish something, With all thair strang *poweir (OED 2536) Nearly 300 years after the fact in 1785 the word power conveyed a similar significance of control, quality, and power, capacity to deliver an impact, assumes power not to create it; else it isn't power yet need (OED 2536). This definition clarifies how the force government or social organizations rests in their capacity to order individuals, rocks, settlements to accomplish something they in any case would not do. To make the individuals make good on charges. To make the rocks structure into a fence. To make the pioneers respect the King. The colonialists embrace this understanding of intensity. They consider capacity to be a remorseless power that has married them to a King who has a past filled with rehashed wounds and usurptions. The composers of the Declaration of ... <!

The Secret Details About Need Help Writing a Term Paper That Some People Dont Know About

The Secret Details About Need Help Writing a Term Paper That Some People Don't Know About Choosing Good Need Help Writing a Term Paper It's absolutely not possible to say that one part of the expression paper is more essential that the other one. It is essential to understand first, what's a term paper. Writing a term paper is a vital thing, and that's why it must be professional. It is not easy as many people think. A great deal of prior Term Paper is needed by the student to compose the Term Paper properly. Writing Term Papers properly can't be carried out in one day, it needs a terrific period of time and effort to compose a proper Term Paper. The Basics of Need Help Writing a Term Paper You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Right Away This kind of action is deemed unethical. Free term paper writing never provides quality support, there are not any guarantees, and there's no writer available for you to receive assistance from. When you place your purchase, they begin working on it immediately. When writing term papers or any other academic work, there are particular procedures or steps that are required to be followed in order to produce clear and excellent work. You will be able to get hold of our writer at any moment to look at the progress of writing, give them your directories, and ask to fix the text every single time you want. Whenever you have researched on a specific topic , you're expected to use a particular citation style. Your title page is the initial impression of your work so make sure it will capture your reader's interest. You'll find our succinct manner of writing to be exactly what you needed all along. There are huge numbers of people that are malnourished, amidst plenty of food. The amount of people who lost their jobs as a result of financial situation is appalling. There are lots of paper templates to select from, but a lot of the time your instructor will require a particular format for the entire class to follow. In case you or another student on the planet desires a well-written text, we are the company to cope with this. There's a connection between our perception of earth and the manner in which we make decisions on the planet. An excellent way to begin is by producing a compelling and creative title. For some of them you will require help, while others you're able to write by yourself. As soon as you contact us with you r problem, we supply you with immediate solutions. Therefore, should you need an essay or APA term paper, for example, you might call or text us. It is vital to begin with an interesting and viable thesis. There are a few benefits of viewing term paper examples. They, on the other hand, may give an idea of how you want to present your data. The Chronicles of Need Help Writing a Term Paper It's very difficult to meet all the high-level requirements determined by contemporary colleges and universities. There are a fantastic number of academic writing services that can offer you with absolutely free term papers. When you have all of the crucial info, you need to enter in each individual detail in the appropriate fields. Though there are countless writing services available that provide you with term paper services and allow it to be feasible for you to get term papers, some simple planning points will allow you to get going on your own. There are a lot of forms of essays, it is not difficult to shed an eye on all your writing assignments. There are several essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the authentic list of the very best. Term paper writers have to possess several qualities so they can write the very best term papers with respect to quality. Our talented writers can deal with just about any sort of writing assignment, together with Math and Physics troubles and much more. If you wish to alleviate the procedure for writing and want to escape the danger of encountering a writer's block, be sure a college term paper outline is imperative. Should you need expert writing help, don't hesitate to visit EssayPro.com. Writing a term paper can be a pleasant task if it's dealt with care and the writer isn't fearful of it. Every examples term paper, at our website, is intended to underline the high degree of professionalism which our writers have and to demonstrate their proficiency.

Is Ukraine A Great Country - 1807 Words

We all have a lot in common, because we are humans, but, at the same time, we are all completely different, because there is no one person who is completely the same as the other one. Even twins are different, when, at first glance, we can see them 100% identical. It is strange, but it is completely true, that people may be against someone that looks different or acts different, most of us don’t like to see very unusual things because we are not used to them. Each region is different and it is very important to realize, that racism was, and is going to be everywhere. In African, Arabic and Hispanic countries, people who are white are different, while in Europe and the United States, they are nothing but normal. Sometimes we are not†¦show more content†¦There is no doubt that in Europe and in Ukraine especially, racism is a very popular issue. Also in Europe today, racism is not classic because it applies not only to people with a different skin color. It includes all the characteristics defined by the International Convention of the United Nations Convention, adopted on 21 December 1965: ... the term racial discrimination shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin ... . We must not succumb to the insidious illusion that violent outbreaks of ethnic hatred remained in the distant past. According to Focus.ua, a surge of racist crime occurred less than 10 years ago, in October 2006 the Congress of the monitoring of national communities of Ukraine recorded 16 attacks on the color of foreigners (two fatalities), and in 2007 - already 86 attacks (five deaths). Since then, the trend is disappointing, however, that was quieter this year. Most of the safety of international visitors is coming from their safety. After being burned in 2006 and 2007, people, who came to Ukraine to live are not trying to fight against the rules of our community, but just making their own life safer (Safonov, 2009). According to tradition of my country, if a girl from a good family is going to get into a relationship with a â€Å"black† man, she and all her family

Iliad Father Son Relationship - 1562 Words

In The Iliad, Homer offers incredible insights into the themes of human interactions. While the epic narrative moves forward, these dynamics are kept intertwined with the devastating battlefield. One of the prominent themes is the father-son relationship and this Iliadic father-son dynamic is focused mostly between Priam and Hector. Looking at scenes featuring both characters, their interactions feature mutual feelings of love, concern, and, most importantly, interdependency. Priam cares for Hector, imparts values tied to the heroic code, and carries expectations for his son. On the other hand, Hector aims to meet Priam’s expectations and repay his father for all that he has done for him. In the background of this relationship, Homer†¦show more content†¦One key element of Priam’s dismissal of the code can be found in his diction. His words carry considerable weight to them and target his son’s eleos. Priam saw aidos as an obstacle and his words involved method of reverse psychology. The 2 themes of eleos and aidos can not easily coexist, so Priam sought to transform the values of aidos. Priam pleads: â€Å"Show some pity for me, Before I go out of my mind with grief, And Zeus finally destroys me in my old age† (Il,22.66-68). His speech contains 3 main points but the most important is where he states Hector must stay alive to protect him. This scene of persuasive rhetoric culminates in an appeal to the bond they share, and illustrates that Priam expects this to exercise the greatest influence on Hector. Priam’s basis of appeal forms this idea that the heroic values of fame and honor have their roots in the ties that bind a father and son. This illustrates the interdependency and reciprocal nature that underlies the relationship. Throughout this argument, it’s made clear that Priam far values his paternal role over his royal role. In fact, nowhere in his rhetoric does it offer a viewpoint of Trojan king. For example, Priam does not bear hatred for Achilles because he is an enemy of his state, instead, his hatred is based upon the fact that Achilles has killed most of his sons. (Il,22.415). For the duel between Hector and Achilles, a Trojan kingShow MoreRelatedFamily Dynamics in Homers Iliad969 Words   |  4 PagesThe relationships between parents and their sons in the Iliad are not relationships we expect to see in today’s society. The Iliad portrays the relationships between fathers and sons as something more than just physical and emotional. It is based on pride and respect for one another. The expectations of their son are more so to pass on their fathers reputable name and to follow in their father’s footsteps of being noble warriors. These relationships are the driving forces in th e Iliad, making eachRead MoreThe Theme of Family in Books 6 and 24 in Homer’s Iliad.1017 Words   |  5 PagesTerm Paper 1 CORC 1110 Classical Cultures The theme of family in books 6 and 24 in Homer’s Iliad. Family is very important in Books 6 and 24, but it is also one of the main themes throughout the Iliad. Book 1 begins with the vengeance taken by a father who has lost his daughter. The leaders of the Greeks are brothers, and Achilles’s revenge against Hektor is caused by the loss of the brotherly love of Patroklos. And even amongst the gods, the allegiances to the Greeks or the Trojans isRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Odysseus and Achilles Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pagestranscends an individual and is passed on to successive generations. Having fathers of fame, both Odysseus and Achilles feel that they must maintain the kleos of their lines and build upon it. Achilles and Odysseus share a similar lineage. Numerous times Odysseus is refered to as â€Å"Son of Laertes in the line of Zeus†¦.† Achilles achieves is semi-divine status through his immortal mother, Thetis. Both heroes were the sons of famous warriors, Laertes being one of Argonauts, and Peleus having traveledRead MoreRelationship Between Odysseus And Telemachus1679 Words   |  7 Pagesof classical literature portrays a relationship between a father and son that appears quite distinct compared to relationships in today’s society. Mothers are known to be more emotional and soft, whereas fathers are more stoic and stern. Fathers hardly have physical interactions with their son’s, in fact, they do not express much emotions like a mother would. Homer’s epic poems â€Å"The Iliad† and â€Å"The Odyssey† have emerged from a patriarchal society, where fathers held the dominant role in a familyRead MoreAn Essay on the Illiad868 Words   |à ‚  4 Pagesa ‘student of his culture’ and thus both The Iliad and The Odyssey are directed sources of their own period. Select any one episode or scene from either of the poems as one that you feel is most memorable. What does it tell about Homeric culture? A writer is a reflection of his age. A work of art is considered a mirror of the customs, culture, and concepts of the age to which it belongs. Homer’s writings are a true representation of this. His Iliad and Odyssey both reflect the old Greek cultureRead MoreThe Epic Of The Iliad943 Words   |  4 Pages The Iliad tells the story of the battles between the Achaeans and the Trojans, and the events happening during the weeks of arguing between King Agamemnon, the leader of the Greeks, and Achilles, Greece’s greatest warrior. These events play the role of a playground for the gods, as they often intervene and usually change the outcome of certain events. In regard to Homer, Longinus claims that he feels â€Å"indeed that in recording as he does the wounding of the gods, their quarrels, vengeanceRead MoreHeroes Found in the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer767 Words   |  3 Pages In Greek culture it is customary to find a very strong social prototype in socie ty , especially in men, heroes are usually found in every story, such is the case of the literary works of the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. Homer’s poems reflect the qualities that should be found on men of this stage, these were predominantly heroic values. Is Homer building an ideal world through his poems? Is he writing about the quiet desires of every man and woman of Greece from these times? The idealRead MoreRelationships Between the Gods and Mortals in Homers Iliad638 Words   |  3 PagesQ1.Describe the relationships between the gods and mortals in The Iliad .What are the Greek gods like? The Greek gods are highly partisan beings in the Iliad. The Greek gods side with different armies there is no side that is more moral or favored by the gods than the other. The Trojan War itself was largely begun because of a rivalry between Athena, Aphrodite, and Hera. The gods also favor certain mortals Athena prefers Odysseus, for example, while Aphrodite adores Paris. This favoring is notRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Iliad 965 Words   |  4 PagesSing, goddess, the anger of Peleus’ son Achilleus and its devastation, which put pains thousandfold upon the Achains,† (page 76 lines 1-7)This quote comes Richard Lattimore’s translated version of The Iliad, it tells the reader that Achilles is a man who is capable of great anger, anger that will kill thousands and bring much suffering. You wouldn’t think that a man like that would be able to feel anything but that anger, but in Christopher Logue’s War Music we see, â€Å"a naked man run with wha t seemsRead MoreExamining Family Relationships in Literature: Examining Antigone, The Odyssey, and The Iliad880 Words   |  4 PagesThe human relationship can be interpreted as interpersonal or intimate; stemming from these two classifications are many of the reasons for characteristic development within human nature. By studying literary works we can glimpse into human behavior and learn what actually causes a person’s actions and downfalls. Many of these works have shown the effects a dominant and inferior relationship may cause, ranging from self-independence to parental influence. We’ve seen the defiance of rulers, the

There Is Nothing That Young People free essay sample

TOEFL ® essay: There is nothing that young people can teach older people Needless to say, we have to respect and obey older people, partly because they have more experience and knowledge than us, so what they say is almost true. However, that doesnt mean they know everything and young people have nothing to teach them. In the following part of the essay, I will support the idea that there are some things we know but they havent known and they can learn from us. Young people can teach the elderly anything they may learn through means of mass communication.The statement which is there is nothing that young people can teach older people might be true at a certain period of time. Long time ago, when science and technology didnt develop yet, young people learned only through books which were already read by most older people and through the olders experience. So it is obvious that the younger have nothing to teach the elderly. Thats why the statement was arised. Nowadays, however, things have changed. With the development of technology, young people can learn from many means of communication such as television, radio and so on.Even a child can know that Swedens capital is Stockholm which many adults do not know. So there is no reason why the sentence is still correct today. In addition, children have more time to study than adults, so they can gain more new information than adults. Because the adults have to go to work, they have little time studying new things, especially new technologies and searching for new information. A child, in contrast, they can spend his or her whole time studying. He or she can read science books, watch discovery channel on TV in many hours without any concern about their work.Briefly, adults do not have as much time as children to learn new things. This is one of the advantages of children in learning. For instance, that day, I told my mother about the riot in Iraq I saw on TV that morning which she didnt know while being occupied with her work. Moreover, young people are stronger than the elderly, so they can learn better. Young people have sharp brains, they are creative, they can learn and do things with all their enthusiam. On the contrary, the elderly are old and weak, there are some things they have to follow the younger. Unfortunately, in Vietnam, youths are still looked down in some companies and offices.Some managers or leaders, the older ones, want to appoint who have worked for them quite long to important positions. They think younger staffs can do nothing regardless of how talent these staffs are. At present, young people are performing very well and achieve many successes, especially in computer such as new computer programs. Finally, children have the special abilty to learn foreign language and they can help older people. For example, my sister used to teach my grandparent english. I sometimes have to ask her about english and she help me a lot in listening.In conclusion, with the development of technology, knowledge is open to everyone, and older people also have to learn from the younger. Also, because younger people have more time and strength, they can gain more information than the older ones. Besides, children, especially from 4-12, can help older people in learning foreign language. The statement there is nothing that young people can teach older people isnt still true nowadays. However, as I mentioned, that statement might be true at a certain period of time, maybe one day in the future that statement is correct again. At the outset, most of us may think that there is nothing much old people can learn from youngsters. However, an in depth{in-depth} analysis  on[of] childrens behavior and a keen observation on their daily habits reveal some startling truths, which are of immense help to elders in their daily lives. While most of us put down the cradle{I dont understand what put down the cradle means} when we face failures, children will never give up. They keep on trying until they succeed in their endeavors. Moreover, young children have an exceptional capability to understand new technologies. I think the intro would work better if you had a traditional thesis statement for the last sentence of the intro} Many times our negative attitude or passive thinking becomes a major hurdle on our way to success. Most of us  bog[bow] down our head when we face a failure. For instance, yesterday, I spent almost nine hours in the office to identify and fix a bug in my [computer] program. Even after spending long hours and going through the complete program code, I couldn’t find where the problem was. Finally, I went back home dejected and depressed.To relax  myself, I started playing with [my] 15 months  old son. While playing with him, he tried to stand on his own. Initially he fall down as many times as{I think every time sounds better} he tried. Surprisingly, instead of giving up he kept on trying. Finally, after twenty attempts he stood on his own and started laughing. While my son tried till he succeeded in his endeavor, I gave up in the middle. If not because of his never say die attitude, my son wouldnt be standing on his own today. Because I gave up  after sometime[too soon] I couldnt achieve my goal of fixing the bug.Although most of us know the importance of this quality{I think lesson sounds better than quality}, many times we fail to implement it in our real life. Quite often, children’s behavior reminds us the importance of these qualities. We are living in a technological era where change is the only constant factor. In this ever-changing world, we are confronted with a plethora of information and new technologies every day. While young people have the capability to learn and understand new technologies much faster, [the] same  cant be[is not often cant implies no older people can understand new technology] true for old people.It may not be easy for old people to understand how to use new electronic gadgets, computers etc. For example, I taught my grandfather how to use a computer. Today, he not only plays games on his computer but also chat{s} with people from different countries through [instant] messenger. Generally parents guide their children on{I dont think you can guide on maybe guide towards or use a different verb} different qualities one should have to become successful. We are good at teaching but not in implementing our teachings in real life. A common English idiom which would apply here is Do as I say, not as I do}We forget to implement those characteristics in our real lives. Children remind us the importance and value of these virtues . Their ability to easily grasp the nuances of new technologies enables children to explain various technological advances to elders. I have to totally disagree with the statement that there is nothing that young  people  can teach older people. For several reasons, which I will mention bellow, I think that young people can teach older people many things. First of all, young people intend to  learn  new things faster.They faster learn new technologies. Second  of all, young people are more motivated. They aspire to succeed and make a good career, which requires good knowledge and experience. So, they try to get more knowledge and experience from different sources like Internet, books, newspaper, magazines and of cause from conversations with other people. In addition to this young people bring many fresh ideas to the team they are working in. For example, when my friend was hired as a software developer he surprised everybody with his energy, a bunch of new and fresh ideas about what could be done to improve the process.He was the youngest person in the team but everybody listened to him and it was like a fresh air, an impulse, which made everyone work harder. Finally, young people often know more about new technologies. For example, my husband is 26 years old and he is a good professional in software development. So, he is often asked to read a lecture for different companies and audience. Needless to say, the majority of people who attend those lectures are older than my husband. To sum up, I think that young people have many things to teach older people. Moreover, I think that people from every generation have something to learn from each other.People learn trough their entire lives from books that hold the experience and the history of previous generations as well as from their own experience and experience of the younger people. Human society is dynamic. It changes and adapts daily. Something new comes up every minute of the day. Such as new songs, new movies, new style of clothes, new gadgets, new destinations, new cars, new television programs, new websites, new softwares, new hand held phones, new buildings, and so on. Even if you age in years, there is no limit in learning something new. Likewise, there are things that older people can learn from the younger generation.The Internet is one good example. This was introduced in the 1980s, mostly used in the business sector. Gradually, it was offered to the public through Internet cafes. Nowadays, it is widely used for enhanced communications. We now have electronic mails (e-mail), messengers, VOIP, and web cams. The older generation is not familiar with these gadgets. They learn how to use them from the younger generation. Through web cams, Internet phones, cell phones, and Net Messengers, family members are able to talk to one another in real time despite long distances. The youth can also bridge the age gap with the elders through songs and dances. Music is a universal language and appreciated by all people around the world despite cultural differences. Songs of love will always have an audience, young and old alike. Another interesting activity is travelling. Since most of the young people are active, mobile, and sociable, they are also well informed of the latest destinations and recreation centers. On family day, usually Sunday, the elderly persons are taken to these popular places. Along with their children and grandchildren, the elders enjoy the sights, sounds, and new product offerings especially if they are given away for free.Therefore, everyday is always a new day to learn. The older generation can teach wisdom while the younger members can teach them trendy living. Through the youths, the older people can maintain contact with them and still be relevant in the society. The younger generation will keep the older generation in touch with the community. It is true and natural that people should gain experience and knowledge as they grow older. There is no ground for thinking that older people cannot learn anything from young people. I believe that older people have much to learn from the younger generation.Young people can instruct them in the subject have much to learn from the younger generation. Young people can instruct them in the subject of new technology and the skills needed to use it, and they can also teach the aspects of youth culture. First of all, younger people can teach new skills associated with modern technology to older people. As everyone knows, there are new technological advancements made nearly every day, Even for people who are familiar with modern technology, it is sometimes hard to keep up, so it must be difficult for older people who see these things as beyond their grasp.For example, younger people are normally knowledgeable in the use of computers and the internet, but many people have trouble learning the applications required to use this technology. There are many other gadgets that older people may have trouble learning to use such as digital cameras, mp3 players and game systems. However, younger people can instruct the older generation in these applications if given the chance. In addition, the younger generation can instruct older people in as pects of current youth culture. We often hear about the problems associated with generation gaps.These problems are caused mainly by a lack of communication as well as hesitation to communicate at all. However, the problems of generation gaps could be alleviated if both younger people and older people tried to learn about forms of entertainment that younger people enjoy such as music and computer games, younger people can teach youth culture to older people; as a result, the generations are able to enjoy them together. By taking part in the cultural entertainment together, a mutual understanding can be fostered, which will benefit one another.In conclusion, thought it is often assumed that older people have little to learn from younger people, this opinion cannot be any more false. Younger people can really help older people a lot on the area of new skills associated with modern technology and in being educated in the culture of modern youth, which promotes mutual enjoyment and understanding. All that is needed is for the generations involved to give each other a chance. They may be surprised at the pleasant results.Generally, many people think that older people can learn nothing from young people. However , that is not always case. I hold the opinion that young people can help older people for many subjects such as (subjects)  about new innovations, youth culture and new social trends. To begin with, it is a fact that young people are better to use technology. Now, they have enough information about computer because children grow with computer. Thus,they can teach older people how to use computer and older people can use it to print their work or to sent  (send)  email. Besides this, altough ,today, mobile phone is an important communication tool, many older people have difficulties to use  (in using it)  . Young people can help them about using mobile phone. Secondly, generally, older people do not  (are not)  familiar young culture. If young people help older people to learn their social activities, older people can have more enjoyable life. For instance, I helped  (my )  grandfather how to use computer games and he enjoyed (it  )very much. Lastly, young people generally aware of new trends such as fashion , cinema or music.Children can help older people about clothing that everyone gets dressed or choosing cinema that  everyone enjoys it. By this way, older people keep up with new trends. So based on all mentioned points, young people can teach (older people ) many things that older  people want to know,  such as about  new innovations, new trends and youth culture. The older generation today always complains that the youth are unmotivated and directionless, they lack focus and the future is going down because of these behaviors.Nonetheless, youth are the product of its upbringing and the representation of its time. Thus, what they are and what they know will certainly be different from those of the older generation. Therefore, to say that the youngsters are useless is not only wrong as they can also contribute in their own way and teach the older generation a lesson or two. As we all know, todays technology moves very fast. With adults daily responsibility, it is almost impossible for them to keep up with every little new gadget that comes out everyday. With young people, its different, new things interest us.Furthermore, being young we absorb new knowledge like a sponge. Thus, we can help them in getting in tune with new technologies. Young kids, for example, can probably teach their grandparents to use the computers, which in turn, will also be good for their relationships. In addition to that, by looking at the young, adults can learn about the society better. As Ive mentioned earlier, youngsters represent their time, hence, by understanding them, one can understand the needs of the society, as this group of age is the most outspoken. A good example would be the hippie movement in the 60s. The movement displayed their dissatisfaction with the system and the need for more freedom of expression. As someone once said, Life is a learning experience, thus, from that, we can deduce that there is no full stop to the process of learning. Therefore, instead of being critical and cynical, maybe older people can try to understand the youth better by learning from each other. After all, young people are the future.

25 Idioms with Clean

25 Idioms with Clean 25 Idioms with Clean 25 Idioms with Clean By Mark Nichol The adjective clean has many senses: â€Å"free from dirt, contamination or disease, or pollution,† â€Å"fair† or â€Å"pure,† â€Å"clear† or â€Å"legible,† â€Å"smooth,† â€Å"empty,† â€Å"complete† or â€Å"thorough,† â€Å"skillful,† â€Å"free of a claim or impediment,† and â€Å"free from corruption or from lasciviousness or obscenity†; it also refers to freedom from drug addiction or lack of possession of contraband such as drugs or weapons. A variety of idioms that include the word have evolved: 1. clean (one’s) plate: eat all the food served 2. clean (someone’s) clock: beat or defeat soundly 3. clean as a whistle: pure or free of involvement in illegal activities 4. a clean bill of health: notification that a person or other entity is in good health or operating condition (from a report from a health official that all crew and passengers on a ship arriving in a port are free of illness) 5. clean break: abrupt and complete disassociation 6. clean code: well-written computer-programming code 7. clean conscience: absence of guilt or remorse (also â€Å"clear conscience†) 8. clean cut: tidy and well groomed 9. clean getaway: uninterrupted escape 10. clean house: rid an organization of corruption or inefficiency 11. clean (someone or something) out of: remove people or things 12. clean sheet: variant of â€Å"clean slate† (mostly used in British English); alternatively, said of an athlete or team that allows no goals (British English) 13. clean slate: a fresh chance or start (from the now-outmoded use of chalk on slate to record one’s debt at a tavern) 14. clean sweep: the winning of all competitions or prizes 15. clean the floor up (with someone): beat someone up 16. clean up: make something clean or proper, earn or win a lot of money, reform, or defeat 17. clean up (one’s) act: improve or reform 18. clean out: leave bare or empty, or take or deplete 19. come clean: be honest 20–21. have clean hands/keep (one’s) hands clean: be without guilt 22. keep (one’s) nose clean: stay out of trouble 23. make a clean breast of it: admit the truth 24. squeaky clean: completely clean or incorruptible 25. wipe the slate clean: give someone a fresh chance or start (see â€Å"clean slate†) Also, the proverb â€Å"A new broom sweeps clean† means that someone new to a situation (such as a job) will make a concerted effort to impress others. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should Know50 Idioms About Meat and Dairy ProductsWhat is an Anagram?

How to Write a Lead Paragraph

How to Write a Lead Paragraph How to Write a Lead Paragraph How to Write a Lead Paragraph By Mark Nichol Absent or in spite of a photograph or other visual information, the headline is the first thing most readers notice. But even the most captivating headline has to be followed by a lead paragraph (known in journalistic jargon as a lede) that convinces the reader that the article is worth reading. What’s the function of a lede? (The odd spelling supposedly derives from the tradition of distinguishing the noun lead or the adjectival form in â€Å"lead paragraph† from the homonym lead, as in â€Å"lead type.†) An article is a story, and the lede is the pitch to woo the reader. But that analogy is of dubious use if your storytelling overtures are along the lines of â€Å"Let me tell you about this crazy thing that happened to me today† no more useful than clearing your throat or shuffling papers before you give a speech. In person, your audience might patiently and politely await your account, but readers, knowing you’re not there to have your feelings hurt, will likely not hesitate to move on. But what if you cut to the chase and said, â€Å"A guy pulled a gun on me today†? Your audience will almost certainly invest some time and effort into hearing what comes next. By the same token, a lede must be constructed to attract attention. What content, exactly, goes into a lede? The first paragraph of an article provides the main points without digressing into details; those can follow in subsequent paragraphs. A lede tells the reader something interesting and/or newsworthy, providing context and perspective. Ideally, it speaks to the reader’s curiosity, and perhaps their desires or fears. It might introduce conflict or controversy. The traditional lede for a news article includes what journalists call the 5 Ws (and sometimes an H thrown in for good measure): This term is shorthand for who, what, when, where, and why (plus how). Of course, a lede that includes all five (or six) elements is usually overstuffed; it’s better to focus only a couple or at most a few of these. (One of the most celebrated newspaper-article ledes, in reference to a man who was shot and killed because he attacked a fast-food worker over an order of fried chicken, tells you only who and what and is reticent about the what: â€Å"Gary Robinson died hungry.†) The challenge to writing a good lede is achieving both specificity and brevity. To be specific, remember who and its friends. Pick one, or another question, to answer, and wrap the lede around it. To accomplish brevity (ideally, a lede should consist of less than thirty words), choose strong, vivid nouns and verbs, eschew verbosity and redundancy, and make every word count. To test the lede, read it aloud, and omit adjectives, adverbs, and wordy constructions and, especially in these search-engine-driven times, focus on keywords. To craft an effective lede, avoiding writing what readers already know and telling readers what you’re going to tell them. Keep to one point, and avoid attribution and specific numbers (an exception to the specificity rule). Think of the lede as an elevator speech the proverbial opportunity to sell your story to a movie producer or book publisher with a brief pitch during the interval the two of you share an elevator ride. This is your chance; take it. What if you just can’t put a lede together? Write a placeholder sentence, and come back to it later after you’ve completed the rest of the article the result may show you the way. You might also think about potential ledes before you even begin to report or research, or during the process. You may not end up using anything you come up with at that stage, but it will get you thinking. Also, keep in mind that the traditional journalistic lede isn’t the only way to go. Besides the summary form, there’s also the anecdotal lede, the question, the quotation, and the direct approach or a combination of forms. Remember â€Å"A guy pulled a gun on me today†? Though the question, quotation, and direct forms are challenging to pull off, the anecdotal form, a hallmark of what is called narrative journalism or narrative nonfiction, is increasingly popular and often intuitively constructed. Here’s the lede to a true first-person story I might write: â€Å"I had always wondered how I would react if someone pulled a gun on me. Today, I found out.† Would you like to read more? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing20 Criminal Terms You Should Know

Composer from Baroque to the Classical period Essay

Composer from Baroque to the Classical period - Essay Example Bach was a violin and harpsichord virtuoso. His main style was of polyphonic texture whereby, the chords progressions directed the music’s motion, which made him a master of the fugue. Bach’s music was very baroque, a term adapted as a connotation for extravagant, excess, and emotionally expressive music. Therefore, his music was full of emotion and featured a basso continuo. Bach composed a total 1128 works for voice, orchestra, organ, keyboard, chamber, and canon. Bach also composed works that were either fragmented, spurious doubtful, or lost. Sebastian Bach composed for the organ, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the violin. He lived in Germany. Bach’s cooperation with royalty was fuelled by his devotion to write Christian music, as evidenced by his compositions in his time at the Lutheran church. There were no direct political motives to write what he did. Bach’s influence on the Classical era is not profound. Although the classical musicians adop ted a new style of writing music, Mozart took interest in Sebastian Bach’s polyphonic tones in his Jupiter composition. Bach’s death in 1950 marked the end of the Baroque era and the beginning of the Classical period. Making him the most influential composer from the Baroque era to the Classical era. The Baroque period of music is a period that encouraged self-expression, formation of counterpoints, certain degrees of ornamentation and open forms. The period is known for its inconsistency; although the music in this era shares the same genre.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Personal Statement Example I am interested in studying international business law. I had the unique opportunity of realizing my studies outside the United States. Doing so helped me gain a better understanding of the business world from an international perspective. I have a good understanding of the role international legal system has on business entities. The globalization movement created thousands of multinational corporations which need legal assistance in order to succeed in their international endeavors. Contract law is extremely important for companies dealing in foreign marketplaces because contracts are utilized to stipulate the terms and agreements between different parties. The legal variable in business is actually one of the six macroeconomic forces within a PESTEL analysis which is often utilized to determine the viability of an international expansion plan. Some work tasks that interest me within an international law setting are contracts, imports and exports, and market entry strategies such as joint ventures. I understand that law studies require a high level of personal commitment and sacrifice. Law students perform a lot of reading of laws and court cases. I have always love reading and analyzing the information being read. During my college years I usually spend over 20 hours a week in the library doing research. A law student must also be responsible and have good communication skills. I have always being very good at performing oral presentations in front of a group. A career in law provides lots of benefits for the person who achieves that status. The law is one of the highest paying careers globally. The average salary of a first year law associate in a large firm is $145,000 (Legalnut). Along with great potential income a career in law provides an opportunity to help others. As an international lawyer I would have an opportunity to work in an exciting work environment and deal with people of all nationalities. Prior to starting

Non-Uniform Essay Example for Free

Non-Uniform Essay I believe wearing a school uniform is an obstacle of children’s right to individuality and self-expression. Everyone is unique, and so making children wear a school uniform takes away their individuality and personality. Maybe this discourages them from performing to their fullest potential, and exceeding to higher levels in their subjects? I think most school uniforms are hideous and unappealing, and being forced to wear something that is not comfortable to a child is not good for their mental image. What happens if someone doesn’t like the colour green, red, yellow, grey or any other colour? If children were allowed to wear their own clothes at least they would be comfortable in it. In the case of younger children, if they got their only school jumper muddy, they wouldn’t have another one to wear the next day, which would mean they got told off at school. Uniforms make parents spend more money unnecessarily. They are expensive, and parents already have to spend money on clothes for children to wear outside school. If children didn’t have to wear a uniform, parents would definitely have more money to save up to spend on bills, rent, tax and VAT. People think that if children wore their own clothes, alliances and gangs would form according to social interests, fashion groups etc. I think these gangs or groups will still form even if everyone is wearing uniform; children would be bullied for other things except their clothes, maybe even encouraging racism. Because students are easily recognisable in school uniform, this may also encourage bullying and rivalry between pupils and schools.

The Sun Rising by John Donne :: Poetry

The Sun Rising by John Donne "The Sun Rising" by John Donne uses figurative, rhetorical and hyperbole techniques to demonstrate the displacement of the outside world in favor of two lovers' inner world and how the sun fulfils its duties by revolving around their bedroom. Donne uses figurative language throughout the poem. The first stanza compares the sun to a "Busy old fool" (1) and "Through windows, and through curtains call on us?" (3) is figurative language for eyes. A wink allows the sun to come into the lovers' inner world. The reader knows the lovers' bedroom is not the center of the world and the sun does not "contract[ed]" around their bed. Donne's displacement of the outside world, in favor of the lovers' inside world, uses a rhetorical technique to attempt to prove by reason the durability and power of a couples love. When Donne asks why the sun "calls on us?" (3), "Why shouldst thou think?" (12) and "Must to [the sun's] motions lovers' seasons run?" Donne expects you to already know the answers. He uses this language to help you pass beyond the limits of the material world by disregarding external influences and coercing the sun to rotate around the lovers instead. Figurative language and rhetorical technique are combined with hyperbole to change the outside world to revolve around the lovers' inner world. Dunne pushes the sun away telling it to "go chide" (5) and in stanza twenty-nine "Shine here to us, and thou are everywhere" (29). These are exaggerations for the sake of emphasis putting the lovers at the center of the world. Figurative,

Workplace Discrimination and Autism Spectrum Disorders

299 Work 31 (2008) 299–308 IOS Press Workplace discrimination and autism spectrum disorders: The National EEOC Americans with Disabilities Act Research project Todd A. Van Wierena , Christine A. Reidb and Brian T. McMahon b,? a b Disability Support Services, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA Department of Rehabilitation Counseling, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA Abstract.Using the Integrated Mission System of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the employment discrimination experience of Americans with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is documented for Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The researchers examine demographic characteristics of the charging parties; the industry designation, location, and size of employers against whom complaints are ? led; the nature of discrimination (i. e. , type of complaint) alleged to occur; and the legal outcome or resolution of these complaints.Researchers compare and con trast these key dimensions of workplace discrimination involving individuals with ASDs and persons with other physical, sensory, and neurological impairments. Researchers also attempt to discern whether or not the resolutions of the ASD charges can be predicted using the variables available for analysis. The comparative ? ndings of this study indicate that individuals with ASDs were more likely to make charges of discrimination against Retail industry employers. Persons with ASDs were also more likely to make charges of discrimination when they were younger, male, and/or of Native American/Alaskan Native ethnicity.The predictive ? ndings of this study indicate that the odds of ASD charges resulting in meritorious resolution (i. e. , discrimination determined by the EEOC to have occurred) increase when the discrimination was encountered in Service industries and by larger employers. Implications for policy, advocacy and further research efforts are addressed. 1. Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorders The term Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is used to refer collectively to the group of disorders that comprise the ? ve speci? c, but related, conditions within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition, Text Revision [3]. These disorders fall under the formal diagnostic umbrella known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs): (1) Autistic Disorder, (2) Asperger Syndrome, (3) Rett’s Disorder, (4) Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and (5) PDD, ? Address for correspondence: Brian T. McMahon, Department of Rehabilitation Counseling, Virginia Commonwealth Universit, POB 980330, Richmond, VA 23298-0330, USA. Tel. : +1 804 827 0917; Fax: +1 804 828 1321; E-mail: [email  protected] edu. Not Otherwise Speci? ed (NOS). Collectively, they are commonly described as autism.The common, or core, characteristics shared by each of the ? ve PDDs generally include varying degrees of impairment in the triad of: (1) verbal and non-verbal com munication, (2) social interaction, and (3) restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior or interests [2,9,33,37,38]. Aside from this common triad, additional functional limitations that can often be associated with ASDs include: hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli, hyperactivity, aggressiveness, self-injurious behavior, motor dysfunctions, arousal/activation issues, cognitive de? iencies (including impairments in abstract thought), and physical/medical features [13, 15,41,51]. Frequently, individuals with ASDs can also have â€Å". . . (1) problems understanding social cues and 1051-9815/08/$17. 00 ? 2008 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved 300 T. A. Van Wieren / Workplace discrimination and autism spectrum disorders: EEOC & ADA facial expressions, (2) dif? culty expressing emotions in conventionally recognizable ways, (3) in? exibility and discomfort with change, and (4) dif? culty adapting to new tasks and routines† [35, p. 163]. It is im portant to realize that people with ASDs vary cross a wide continuum of intelligence, clinical characteristics and abilities [15,16,38,41]. On one extreme, some individuals with ASDs deal with severe impairments and require intensive life-long support. On the other end of the continuum reside individuals who are sometimes referred to as having â€Å"high-functioning autism,† with relatively slight limitations in daily activities. Predicting life outcomes for the population of individuals with ASDs as a whole (merely based on their carrying an ASD diagnosis) is dif? cult because of the very wide spectrum of cognitive, linguistic, social nd behavioral functioning from person to person [21]. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) simply uses the term autism to refer collectively to the ? ve PDDs included in Autism Spectrum Disorder. It de? nes autism as â€Å"neurological disorder[s] affecting the functioning of the brain; characterized by such symptoms as speech an d language disorders and profound differences in the manner of relating to people, objects, and events. † The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is presently unable to report exactly how many people in the U. S. re diagnosed with ASDs. At the moment, more is known about the number of children with ASDs than adults. However, the CDC estimates that the current prevalence rates for ASDs are between two and six per 1,000 individuals [9]. It is known that the diagnosis of ASDs has increased steadily in recent years [9]. Estimating the change in prevalence over the years is dif? cult to do, as the definitions of and techniques for diagnosing ASDs have broadened. However, the conclusion derived from available evidence is that the current prevalence of ASDs is roughly three to four times higher than it was approximately 30 years ago [14].For instance, in 1994, ASDs were the 10th most common disability among individual s age 6–21 years served by public special education programs. By 2003, ASDs had risen to be the 6th most common disability [9]. The reasons for the apparent increase in ASDs are not exactly clear. It may be that the actual occurrence of ASDs is on the rise. However, a more likely explanation for at least part of the increase is the manner in which professionals have been classifying ASDs in recent years [14]. For example, in 1991 ASDs were added as a special education exceptionality within the US public school system [9].ASDs are known to be more prevalent in males than females, but do not seem to be systematically or conclusively linked to ethnicity, race, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, educational level or geographic region [16, 53]. ASDs do tend to occur statistically more often than expected for individuals with certain medical conditions, such as Fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, congenital rubella syndrome, and untreated phenylketonuria [9]. Also, ASDs are thoug ht to occur sometimes in conjunction with harmful substances ingested during pregnancy, such as thalidomide [9]. 2. Background . 1. Employment challenges It is well known that many individuals diagnosed with ASDs face considerable dif? culty in obtaining and maintaining employment [1,5,8,22,35]. A 1998 study estimated that only 18% of adults with ASDs in the U. S. were employed in some type of work [20]. Furthermore, people with ASDs who do obtain work tend to struggle with maintaining employment. Perhaps because of the social, communicative and behavioral de? cits associated with ASDs, issues can frequently arise in the workplace with coworkers, supervisors, customers, or in the performance of duties [26]. . 2. Need for the study Even though it is well understood that individuals with ASDs experience considerable dif? culties in general with obtaining and maintaining employment, very little evidence-based knowledge has been available for understanding the more speci? c issue of wor kplace discrimination and how it may contribute to the group’s overall employment challenges. To date, a contextualized understanding of the workplace discrimination towards workers and applicants with ASDs has been lacking. Such practical insights into workplace issues re important for the community of working adults with ASDs, their advocates, and providers of vocational rehabilitaiton services. The preponderance of today’s ASD research efforts focus on either childhood issues, or on potential medical cures or prevention of ASDs. There is a substantial need for more research to focus on practical adaptation issues for adults with ASDs [6, 36,44,52]. T. A. Van Wieren / Workplace discrimination and autism spectrum disorders: EEOC & ADA 3. The National EEOC ADA research project Until quite recently, the majority of disability-related orkplace discrimination studies have tended to focus simply on the hiring preferences or attitudes of employers (or hypothetical employers ) toward individuals with disabilities [17,19,46]. Such studies generally could not examine actual occurrences of discrimination, which are behavioral manifestations of negative attitudes. By and large, they could only offer a perceived notion of workplace discrimination, and not an actual description. Furthermore, studies that attempted to examine Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Title I cases of private-sector disability-related work discrimination ere limited to assessing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) summary statistics at the allegation-level. Because data were limited, such studies did not provide deeper, more contextual, analyses of the EEOC cases [29]. Past studies did not have access to the cases’ ultimate resolutions, as well as other detailed information related to each case. Focusing on frequency of allegations alone may lead to skewed research conclusions. This is because only an approximate one? fth of all allegations made to the EEOC are ev er found to involve suf? cient evidence that disability-related discrimination conclusively occurred [28].Conversely, in approximately four-? fths of all allegations there is insuf? cient evidence for the EEOC to solidly conclude that discrimination took place. However, through an Interagency Personnel Agreement and a Con? dentiality Agreement involving the EEOC, Virginia Commonwealth University obtained the entire ADA segment of the EEOC’s Integrated Mission System (IMS) database. The IMS contains more than two million allegation records involving allegations of employment discrimination. The VCU subset includes all resolved allegations of discrimination made to the EEOC under Title I of the ADA, from July 7, 1992 (the ? rst date the ADA went into effect) to September 30, 2003. The National EEOC ADA Research Project was then developed to better understand the nature, scope and dynamics of employment discrimination against individuals with disabilities in the U. S. private-se ctor workplace. A number of studies have already been completed by members of the National EEOC ADA Research Project. Most of the ADA Title I studies completed to date have focused on speci? c disability groups, including: asthma [25], cancer [27], cerebral palsy [23], cumulative trauma disorders [4], deafness and hear- 301 ng impairment [7], diabetes [31], dis? gurement [45], HIV/AIDS [10,11], mental retardation [47], missing limbs [50], multiple sclerosis [42,43,49], speech impairment [34], spinal cord injury [30], traumatic brain injury [32], and visual impairment [48]. 4. The IMS data set Because of the unique level of access now made available to the EEOC’s IMS database, it is possible to examine the following contextual information for each case within the study database: (1) demographic characteristics of the Charging Party (i. e. , individual with the disability); (2) the industry and size of the Responding Party (i. e. employer); (3) the U. S. region from which the a llegation originated, (4) the speci? c type of alleged ADA Title I discriminatory allegation; and (5) the speci? c resolution of the case as determined by the EEOC, or by settlement or mediation between the Charging Party (CP) and Responding Party (RP). In this particular study, the research questions are answered by comparing and contrasting the employment discrimination experience of Americans with ASDs to that of Americans with other known physical, sensory, and neurological impairments. From these data, a â€Å"study dataset† was extracted to include only those ariables related to the research questions and to maximize consistency, parsimony, and con? dentiality (i. e. , to protect the identity of speci? c CPs and RPs). The extraction process was guided by the following considerations. The unit of study is an allegation; it is not an individual CP, nor an individual RP. A single CP may bring more than one allegation. Only unique allegations that do not involve recording e rrors or duplications are included in the study dataset. All identifying information regarding CPs and RPs was purged except variables important for this research.Study data were strictly limited to allegations brought under Title I of the ADA. Allegations brought under other federal employment statutes were not considered. Further, state allegations were also excluded to maintain a consistent de? nition of both disability and discrimination. To maintain consistency in de? nitions and procedures among the study variables, only allegations received, investigated, and closed by the EEOC were included. This required the exclusion of allegations referred by the EEOC to litigation for disposition in civil court, federal or state.Allegations of retaliation were excluded because complaints of this nature do not pertain directly to the existence or consequence of disability. 302 T. A. Van Wieren / Workplace discrimination and autism spectrum disorders: EEOC & ADA Only allegations that were closed by the EEOC during the study period, de? ned as July 26, 1992 through September 30, 2003 were included in the study dataset. Finally, open allegations (i. e. , still under investigation) were excluded from the study. This exclusion exists to insure that all allegations in the study dataset are â€Å"closed,† and as such are known to be either with Merit (i. . , decided by the EEOC to have reasonable cause for discrimination) or Without Merit (i. e. , decided by the EEOC to have no reasonable cause for discrimination). The resulting study dataset includes 328,738 allegations of employment discrimination under ADA Title I that were received, investigated and closed by the EEOC during the study period. These were divided into groups on the basis of disability status including the following two: 1. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). The primary group of interest for this particular study entails the allegations of discrimination made by individuals who reported having an AS D.The ASD allegations number just 98 (i. e. , 0. 03% of the total number of cases in the study dataset). However, this is the entire population of EEOC-resolved ASD allegations for the study time period. 2. General Disability (GENDIS). The comparison group for this study is a compilation of all allegations made by individuals who reported impairments within the other physical, sensory, or neurological EEOC disability categories (i. e. , allergies, Alzheimer’s disease, asthma, back impairment, cancer, cardiovascular impairment, cerebral palsy, chemical sensitivity, cumulative trauma disorder, cystic ? brosis, diabetes, dis? urement, dwar? sm, epilepsy, gastrointestinal impairment, hearing impairment, HIV, kidney impairment, learning disability, mental retardation, missing digits or limbs, multiple sclerosis, nonparalytic orthopedic impairments, â€Å"other† blood disorder, â€Å"other† neurological impairment, â€Å"other† respiratory impairment, paralysis , speech impairment, tuberculosis, and vision impairment). For this particular study, GENDIS excludes ASD cases. The GENDIS allegations for this study number 174,512 (i. e. , 53. 09% of the total number of cases in the study dataset), and are the entire population of such cases resolved by the EEOC uring the study time period. GENDIS was also used as the primary comparison group for a majority of the other National EEOC ADA Research Project studies completed to date that examined various other EEOC disability categories [4,7,10, 23,25,27,30–32,42]. It is important to consider that the individuals who have actually made allegations of discrimination to the EEOC are likely a smaller number than the sum of individuals who have experienced discrimination. It is likely that many instances of disability-related discrimination go unreported to the EEOC. Individuals may not always realize that they have experienced discrimination.Or, they may perhaps be aware of discrimination but do not understand their rights, know how to initiate a complaint, or they are fearful of retaliation. The small number of allegations made by individuals with ASDs (98) could lead one to conclude that workplace discrimination is not a signi? cant problem for these individuals. The under-representation of people with ASDs in the workforce has been previously reported, and it is well known that most discrimination involves currently employed persons. However, many individuals with ASDs may not understand their civil rights or how to exercise them.The underreporting of discrimination would then make this particular study all the more important for individuals with ASDs and their advocates. The small number of ASD allegations also raises a technical concern. For most statistical tests, small Ns increase the risk of type II errors [12,40], or failure to detect actual differences when they exist. Because of the large number of comparisons that were conducted and in order to minimize this ri sk, the ? level was established at a more stringent level; p < 0. 01. 5. Project design and methods 5. 1. Variables The IMS data was transferred to the research team rom the EEOC via zip disk. Data needed to answer the research questions were extracted, coded, re? ned, and formatted in Microsoft Access using the aforementioned criteria. The result was a study-speci? c dataset in which the underlying unit of measurement is the frequency of allegations, a ratio level of measurement. The other variables for this study are detailed in Table 1. 5. 2. Research objectives The ? rst research objective for this study was descriptive in nature and focused on the most prevalent characteristics associated with the ADA Title I discrimination allegations made by individuals with ASD.The second objective was comparative in nature and T. A. Van Wieren / Workplace discrimination and autism spectrum disorders: EEOC & ADA 303 Table 1 Parameters of Variables CP AGE (ratio measurement) – Years CP GENDER (nominal measurement) – Male – Female CP RACE (nominal measurement) – White – African American – Hispanic/Mexican – Asian – Native American/Alaskan Native – Mixed Ethnicity – Other Ethnicity RP INDUSTRY (nominal measurement) – Agriculture – Construction – Finance, Insurance & Real Estate – Manufacturing – Mining – Public Administration – Retail – Services – Transportation & Utilities – Wholesale – Not Classi? edRP SIZE (interval measurement) – 15–100 employees – 101–200 employees – 201–500 employees – 501 + employees US REGION (nominal measurement) – Northeast – Midwest – South – West – U. S. Territory – Foreign (U. S. businesses operating abroad) ALLEGATIONS (nominal measurement) – Job Obtainment or Membership Issues: * Advertising, Apprent iceship, Exclusion/Segregated Union, Hiring, Prohibited Medical Inquiry, Quali? cations Standards, Referral, Testing, & Training – Job Conditions or Circumstances Issues: * Assignment, Bene? ts, Bene? ts (Insurance), Bene? ts (Pension), Demotion, Discipline, Harassment, Intimidation, Job Classi? ation, Maternity, Promotion, Reasonable Accommodation, Segregated Facilities, Seniority, Tenure, Terms/Conditions, Union Representation, & Wages – Job Maintenance or Preservation: * Constructive Discharge, Discharge, Early Retirement Incentive, Involuntary Retirement, Layoff, Recall, Reinstatement, Severance Pay, & Suspension – Other/Miscellaneous Issues: * Other, Posting Notices, References Unfavorable, & Waiver of ADEA Suit Rights RESOLUTIONS (nominal measurement) – Merit: * Settled with CP Bene? ts, Withdrawn with CP Bene? ts, Successful Conciliation, & Conciliation Failure – Non-Merit: No Cause Finding, Administrative Closure (RP Bankruptcy), Administra tive Closure (CP Missing), Administrative Closure (CP NonResponsive), Administrative Closure (CP Uncooperative), Administrative Closure (Related Litigation), Administrative Closure (Failed Relief), Administrative Closure (Lacks Jurisdiction), & Administrative Closure (CP Withdraws) explored whether or not the characteristics associated with the ASD allegations differ signi? cantly from those of the characteristics associated with GENDIS. The third research objective of this study, predictive in nature, was to explore whether or not the ? al EEOC case resolutions for the ASD allegations could be predicted based upon a function of some of the contextual variables of interest associated with the ASD group. 5. 3. Analysis Data was analyzed to answer the stated research objectives in three primary ways, using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). First, descriptive statistics were used to detail the ASD and GENDIS allegations and various attributes thereof. Second, comparis ons of the various characteristics of the ASD al- 304 T. A. Van Wieren / Workplace discrimination and autism spectrum disorders: EEOC & ADA egations vs. the GENDIS allegations were conducted utilizing Fisher’s exact tests, odds ratios, and t-Tests for independent groups. Third, in an effort to discern whether or not the ? nal resolutions for the ASD allegations could be predicted based upon a function of some of the contextual variables of interest associated with the ASD group, multiple logistic regression analysis was used. 6. Findings 6. 1. Descriptive analysis Based upon the descriptive analysis portion of this study (i. e. , Objective One), it could be said that the pro? le for a typical ASD case entails: (a) a CP who s 36 years old, male and White; (b) a RP in the Retail industry that is either on the large end of the size spectrum (i. e. , 501+ employees) or the smaller end of the spectrum (i. e. , 15–100 employees); (c) origination of the allegation in the Sout hern region of the U. S. ; (d) an allegation that involves an issue of job conditions/circumstances or job maintenance/preservation; and (d) a case resolution that is ruled by the EEOC as non-meritorious. See Table 2 for a more detailed account of the descriptive analysis portion of this study. 6. 2. Comparative analysis Relative to GENDIS, the median age for the ASD roup is younger (36 years vs. 44 years), and is statistically signi? cant (t-Test for independent groups, t = ? 8. 385, df = 86. 134, p =< 0. 000). Allegations in the ASD group are over two times more likely to be made by males than were allegations in the GENDIS group (Fisher’s exact test, p =< 0. 000, O. R. = 2. 30). ASD allegations are over seven and half times more likely than GENDIS to involve CPs who are Native American/Alaskan Native (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0. 001, O. R. = 7. 82). And, relative to GENDIS, allegations from the ASD group are two and a half times more likely to be made against RPs in the Retail industries Fisher’s exact test, p =< 0. 000, O. R. , 2. 52). Statistical analyses revealed no signi? cant differences between the ASD group vs. GENDIS in regards to the regions where allegations originate from, the types of ADA Title I allegations ? led with the EEOC, or ultimate case resolutions decided upon by the EEOC. 6. 3. Predictive analysis Forward, stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was utilized to establish the best set of variables predictive of merit vs. non-merit ASD case resolutions. The selection of the predictor variables in the ? nal model progressed via steps while the different ndependent predictor variables were inserted into or excluded from the model, in an attempt to realize the largest increase in R 2 . This course of action revealed that RP size, CP race (Native American/Alaskan Native), and RP industry (Service) contributed the most to the explanatory power of the model (? 2 = 33. 176, p =< 0. 000, df = 3), explaining approxima tely 35. 4% to 48. 9% of the variance in the merit vs. non-merit resolution status of ASD cases (i. e. , Cox & Snell R 2 = 0. 354, Nagelkerke R 2 = 0. 489). However, the ? nal number of cases (N ) included in this model decreased from 98 to 76, because of missing data in a couple of he model’s independent variables. Therefore, desiring to include as many of the ASD group’s relatively small number of cases as possible in the ? nal model, another logistic regression analysis was completed. This new analysis made use of simultaneous entry of only the two statistically signi? cant predictor variables that had been found in the forward stepwise analysis (i. e. , RP size and CP industry [Service]). Thus, the new model (N = 86, ? 2 = 18. 553, p =< 0. 000, df = 2) consists of only RP size and RP industry (Service), which serve as the independent predictor variables and explain approximately 19. % to 27. 5% of the variance in the merit vs. non-merit resolution status of the ASD cases (i. e. , Cox & Snell R 2 = 0. 194, Nagelkerke R 2 = 0. 275). This same process for determining the best predictor variables for a multiple logistic regression model, while attempting to avoid as many missing data cases as possible, was recently utilized within the ? eld of Rehabilitation research [39]. The results of the ? nal model are detailed in Table 3. It could be said that the odds of an ASD allegation resulting in a meritorious case resolution increase when: (1) the allegation is made against a Service industryRP, and (2) as the size of the RP increases (i. e. , number of employees). It was found that ASD allegations that were made against RPs in the Service industry are approximately seven times more likely than all other industries (considered together) to experience merit resolutions (i. e. , Exp[? ]= 7. 013). In conjunction with this, it was also found that for each one-unit increase in a RP’s size (e. g. , moving from the 15–100 employee category, to the 101-200 employee category, to the 201– T. A. Van Wieren / Workplace discrimination and autism spectrum disorders: EEOC & ADA 305 Table 2Descriptive Analysis of ASD and GENDIS allegations ASD (F) CP AGE: Age (mean years of age) (72) (26) GENDIS (F) 36 years CP GENDER: – Male – Female % % 44 years 73. 5% 26. 5% (95,282) (79,048) 54. 7% 45. 3% CP RACE: – White (60) 61. 9% (108,803) 63. 1% – African American (14) 14. 4% (35,325) 20. 5% – Hispanic/Mexican (11) 11. 3% (12,535) 7. 3% – Other? (12) 12. 4% (15,718) 9. 1% ? Comprised of EEOC categories: Asian, Native American/Alaskan Native, Mixed Ethnicity & Other Ethnicity RP INDUSTRY: – Agriculture – Construction – Fin. , Ins. , Real Est. – Manufacturing (16) 16. 8% – Mining Public Admin. (8) 8. 2% – Retail (22) 23. 2% – Services (18) 18. 9% – Trans. & Util. (10) 10. 5% – Wholesale – Not Classi? ed (18) 18. 9% Indust ries with less than 5 ASD charges are not reported (32,539) 19. 2% (16,051) (18,129) (49,525) (15,741) 9. 5% 10. 7% 29. 2% 9. 3% (21,472) 12. 7% RP SIZE: – 15–100 employees – 101–200 employees – 201–500 employees – 501 + employees U. S. REGION: – Northeast – Midwest – South – West – U. S. Territory – Foreign (33) (13) (9) (34) 37. 1% 14. 6% 10. 1% 38. 2% (56,161) (20,708) (18,507) (72,297) 33. 5% 12. 4% 11. 0% 43. 1% (7) (24) (47) (20) (0) (0) 7. % 24. 5% 48. 0% 20. 4% 0% 0% (18,667) (52,014) (70,404) (32,782) (641) (4) 10. 7% 29. 8% 40. 3% 18. 8% 0. 4% 0% ALLEGATIONS: – Job Obtainment or Membership – Job Conditions or Circumstances – Job Maintenance or Preservation – Other/Miscellaneous (6) (47) (41) (4) 6. 1% 48. 0% 41. 8% 4. 1% (12,047) (90,162) (68,569) (3,734) 6. 9% 51. 7% 39. 3% 2. 1% RESOLUTIONS: – Merit – Non-Merit (29) (69) 29. 6% 70. 4% (38,3 85) (136,127) 22% 78. 0% 500 employee category, to the 501+ employee category, etc. ) the odds of an ASD allegation being resolved with merit increase by over one and a half times (Exp[? = 1. 836). 7. Discussion 7. 1. Education efforts by the EEOC The EEOC distributes training materials to employees and individuals with disabilities concerning ADA Title I issues. Efforts should be focused on educating Retail and Service industry and larger employers in particular concerning the characteristics of and the unique work-related issues of individuals with ASDs. Furthermore, in attempting to educate individuals with disabilities concerning their rights and options to ? le discrimination allegations, the EEOC should consider including focus on individuals with ASDs in a special ense, given that many of these individuals may not be aware of how to recognize discrimination and/or how to take advantage of the EEOC’s resolution services 306 T. A. Van Wieren / Workplace discrimination an d autism spectrum disorders: EEOC & ADA Table 3 Final model for logistic regression analysis of ASD Merit vs. Non-Merit resolutions Predictor ? SE df Wald – RP Industry 1. 948 0. 627 9. 665 (Service vs. all others) – Responding Party Size 0. 608 0. 218 7. 802 (i. e. , # of employees) Constant ?2. 942 0. 731 16. 195 Model Summary: N = 86 df = 2 ?2 = 18. 553 p =< 0. 000 R2 = 0. 94 (Cox & Snell), 0. 275 (Nagelkerke) ? Signi? cant p Exp(? ) 1 0. 002? 7. 013 95% C. I. for Exp(? ) 1. 397–35. 219 1 0. 005? 1. 836 1. 048–3. 216 1 0. 000 0. 053 at . 01 level (as possibly evidenced in the extremely low number of ASD allegations received by the EEOC to date). 7. 2. Training of ASD support personnel It would be important for personnel who support the vocational efforts of individuals with ASDs (e. g. , rehabilitation counselors, supported employment specialists, etc. ) to understand the unique trends of ASD allegations of ADA Title I discrimination. Compared o many o ther disability groups, ASD allegations are more likely to be made by younger individuals and by males. Employers that perhaps require a special degree of attention when considering ASD vocational issues would include Retail and Service industry employers and larger employers. Rehabilitation professionals also need to know that relatively few ADA Title I allegations are made to the EEOC by people with ASDs, compared to other disability groups, which may possibly mean that individuals with ASDs are especially at risk for not advocating for themselves against employment discrimination.Supportive personnel need to understand that a systems/ecological approach is especially needed in assisting individuals with ASDs to obtain and maintain integrated employment in the competitive, private-sector workplace. The supported employment and positive behavioral support models may be particularly valuable here in assisting individuals with ASDs and their work environments to successfully adapt to each other. After all, it is known that individuals with ASDs can achieve employment success and can be highly regarded by their employers if they receive the appropriate vocational supports [18,22,24].Such vocational supports should include sophisticated and independentlytailored assessment (of both the individual and potential work environments), placement, training, and ongoing support. Based upon the extremely low number of ASD allegations made to the EEOC, it might also appear that a major focus in working with individuals with ASDs would be to assist in increasing their self-advocacy skills. Employers engaged with individuals with ASDs (especially those in the Retail and Service industries and larger employers) also require sophisticated and independently-tailored assistance.Efforts directed towards employers should focus, in particular, on attempting to understand and articulate the workplace’s normative behavioral and communicative standards; educating the employer t o understand how individuals with ASDs may have a dif? cult time meeting these normative standards; helping employers to develop positive frames of reference concerning their employees with ASDs, and assisting employers to develop effective, appropriate, and non-discriminatory responses towards their employees with ASDs. 7. 3. Transition planning to adult working age Individuals with ASDs who ? le allegations of ADATitle I discrimination are more likely to be younger, compared to members of many other disability groups. As discussed previously, this may have something to do with ASDs being lifelong developmental disabilities. Thus, individuals with ASDs enter (and/or attempt to enter) into the adult workforce from day-one with their disability. This is different from some other disabilities that may not be acquired by an individual until later in life or after they have been engaged in the workplace for a length of time. Therefore, long-term transition planning for children and/or y oung adults with ASDs hould include the consideration of avenues by which such individuals can obtain introductory work experience (such as part-time jobs, internship/practicum-style experiences, etc. ) prior to the point that they will be expected to move permanently into the adult workforce. T. A. Van Wieren / Workplace discrimination and autism spectrum disorders: EEOC & ADA Because individuals with ASDs struggle with social perception/interaction and behavior in particular, they may bene? t especially from guided practice and experiences in learning how to appropriately and effectively perceive and respond within work environments. [10] [11] [12] . Conclusion [13] This study revealed unique issues for ASD allegations of ADA Title I discrimination. As a result of this new understanding, some implications and suggestions were offered, aimed at assisting both individuals with ASDs and their work environments to adapt to each other, so as to prevent issues of discrimination. Perhaps one of the most important and obvious issues noted in this study is the extremely low number of ASD allegations received to date by the EEOC. 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